The Irreversible Thermodynamic Theory of Surfaces and Interfaces:
Mullins (1957) made the very first analytical study that was related to the grooving of a grain boundary without having the grain boundary diffusion by considering the triple junction to have the equilibrium capillarity configuration satisfying the Young (1805) relationship.
We claim that this theory is not appropriate for evaluating the phenomenon, and provide a new basis with the theory of irreversible thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces.